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Citation guides
How to format in-text citations and reference lists in the major styles, with examples you can copy.
Citation styles
Full guides to each major referencing style.
- AMA Citation Style for Biomedical and Health Science StudentsHow AMA 11th edition numbered citations work, reference formats for journals, books, chapters and websites, and a worked example you can follow.
- APA 7 Referencing for STEM StudentsHow to format APA 7th edition references for journal articles, books, datasets, software, preprints, reports and theses, with in-text rules and a checklist.
- Chicago Author-Date Style in the SciencesHow Chicago author-date citations and reference lists work in the 18th edition, with formats for articles, books, chapters and web pages, and how it differs from APA.
- Harvard Referencing for Science and Engineering StudentsIn-text citations and reference list formats for journal articles, books, reports, datasheets, standards, software and websites, in the Harvard style most UK universities teach.
- IEEE Citation Format for Engineering and Computing StudentsHow IEEE numbered citations work in the text, reference formats for journal articles, conference papers, books, standards, websites and theses, and the mistakes that cost marks.
- MHRA Referencing for History of Science and STEM Humanities ModulesHow MHRA footnotes and bibliographies work, with examples for books, articles, archives and websites, shortened notes, and tips for STEM students meeting the style for the first time.
- MLA 9 for STEM Students: Citing in Humanities and Writing ModulesWhen STEM students meet MLA, how the 9th edition's core elements work, in-text citations, Works Cited examples and how MLA differs from technical styles.
- OSCOLA Referencing for Science and Engineering StudentsHow to cite Acts, regulations, EU law, cases, books and articles in OSCOLA 4th edition footnotes, for STEM modules on regulation, safety, data and professional practice.
- Turabian Author-Date Style for Science and Engineering PapersHow Turabian's author-date system works: in-text citations, reference list formats for articles, books, chapters, reports, datasets and theses, formatting rules and common mistakes.
- Vancouver Referencing for Biology, Biomedical and Health ScienceHow Vancouver numbering works in the text, the reference format for journal articles, books, chapters, websites and datasets, journal abbreviations and how Vancouver compares with IEEE.
How to cite specific sources
Books, journal articles, websites, dissertations and in-text citations.
- APA in-Text Citations: Rules and Examples for Science PapersHow to cite sources in the text in APA 7th edition: parenthetical and narrative forms, author rules, quotations, several sources, group authors, secondary sources and common mistakes.
- How to Avoid Plagiarism in STEM: Code, Lab Data, Figures and Problem SetsWhat counts as plagiarism in technical work, how to credit code, data and figures properly, how to handle group work and AI tools, and a quick integrity checklist.
- How to Cite a Book or Textbook in IEEE, APA, Harvard and VancouverReference and in-text formats for textbooks, edited chapters, handbooks and ebooks in the four styles STEM students use most, with page and equation pinpoints.
- How to Cite a Journal Article in IEEE, APA, Vancouver, ACS and HarvardWhere to find the details you need, the same article cited in five styles used across science and engineering, the key differences and the special cases that trip students up.
- How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA, IEEE, Vancouver and HarvardReference list and in-text formats for doctoral dissertations and master's theses in four styles common in STEM, with published, repository and unpublished examples.
- How to Cite Websites, Documentation and Online Tools in STEM PapersWhat to record, and how to cite web pages, software documentation, code repositories, forum answers, videos and AI tools in APA 7 and Harvard.
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